Peter Wessel Zapffe
Philosopher, mountaineer
Peter Wessel Zapffe (December 18, 1899, Tromsø, Norway — October 12, 1990, Asker, Norway) was a Norwegian philosopher, writer and mountaineer.
He is known for his pessimistic views on human existence, and his philosophy is generally characterized as nihilistic with a pessimistic tinge. His thoughts on the fallacy of human existence were presented in an abridged form in the essay "The Last Messiah" and in his main work, the treatise On the Tragic
Peter Zapffe's works are listed in the order of publication, indicating the original publishing house where the work was first published.

  1. Om det tragiske ("On the tragic"), Gyldendal Norsk Forlag, 1941
  2. Vett og uvett. Stubber fra Troms og Nordland ("Meaning and Nonsense: Short Stories from Troms and Nordland" in collaboration with Einar K. Aas, Trondheim. Illustrations by Kaare Espolin Johnson.), F. Bruns bokhandels forlag, 1942
  3. Den fortapte sønn. En dramatisk gjenfortælling ("The Prodigal Son: a dramatic retelling"), Gyldendal Norsk Forlag, 1951
  4. Indføring i litterær dramaturgi ("Introduction to Drama"), Universitetsforlaget, 1961
  5. Den logiske sandkasse. Elementær logikk for universitet og selvstudium ("The Logical Sandbox: Elementary Logic for students and self-study"), Universitetsforlaget, 1966
  6. Essays og epistler ("Essays and Epistles"), Gyldendal Norsk Forlag, 1967
  7. Barske glæder og andre temaer fra et liv under åpen himmel ("Harsh joys and other themes from life in the open air"), Gyldendal Norsk Forlag, 1969
  8. Lyksalig pinsefest. Fire samtaler med Jørgen ("Trinity Day: Four Conversations with Jørgen"), Gyldendal Norsk Forlag, 1972
  9. Hos doktor Wangel. En alvorlig spøk i fem akter ("With Dr. Vangel: Joking about the serious in five acts"), Gyldendal Norsk Forlag, 1974
  10. Spøk og alvor. Epistler og leilighetsvers ("Joke and Seriousness: Messages and Poems for the occasion"), Gyldendal Norsk Forlag, 1977
  11. Jeg velger sannheten: en dialog mellom Peter Wessel Zapffe og Herman Tønnessen ("I Choose the Truth: a Dialogue between Peter Wessel Zapffe and Herman Tonnessen"), Universitetsforlaget, 1983
  12. Rikets hemmelighet. En kortfattet Jesus-biografi ("The Secret of the Kingdom: a brief biography of Jesus Christ"), Aventura, 1985
  13. Hvordan jeg blev så flink og andre tekster ("How I Became So Smart and other texts"), Aventura, 1986
Posthumous publications
  1. Essays, Aventura, 1992
  2. Kulturelt nødverge. Zapffes efterlatte skrifter, Pax Forlag, 1997

Pax Forlag Publishing house published the complete works of Peter Zapffe in 1999, consisting of 10 volumes. In 2015, the essays were republished in a new design.
Editions in Russian
Totenburg, 2025
Translator: Vladislav Pedder

The first volume of Peter Wessel Zapffe's fundamental work "On the Tragic" explores the nature of the tragic as the ontological basis of human existence. The author takes the analysis beyond aesthetic and literary categories, considering the tragic as a fundamental property of being generated by the contradiction between human aspirations and indifference.-
the richness of nature. Developing the concepts outlined in the essay "The Last Messiah", as well as relying on biological, psychological and philosophical research, Zapffe demonstrates how the development of consciousness and self-awareness inevitably leads to an awareness of the tragic nature of existence, exposing human vulnerability in the face of existential disasters.
Totenburg, 2025
Translator: Vladislav Pedder

Here is the first Russian edition of two key texts by Norwegian philosopher Peter Wessel Zapffe — the essay "The Last Messiah" and the first-time published philosophical dialogue "I Choose the Truth," written in collaboration with Herman Tennesen. Both texts explore the contradiction of human existence, revealing the gap between biological nature and the ability to reflect. Zapffe does not offer solutions, but rather opens his eyes to the deep problems of human existence and self-knowledge.
Totenburg, 2025
The collection contains articles by the classics of Norwegian eco-activism: Z. Zetreng, P. Zapffe and A. Ness. The key theme is concern for wildlife, of which human communities are an organic part, before the onset of an industrial and technological civilization of growth and quantity. Much attention is paid to the philosophical understanding of modernity as hostile to the naturalness of reality. Among them, the classics of ecophilosophy not only share intellectual concepts with the reader, but also encourage practical actions to protect the environment through the relevance of necessary transformations and understanding of their experience.
Editions in other languages
Mimesis Edizioni, 2024
The Last Messiah, Italian edition

Dall'estremo nord dell'Europa nel 1933 si rinnovò l'invito socratico a porre sé stessi quale oggetto di conoscenza, chiave di volta di tutto ciò che è pensiero sul mondo. L'invito, a opera di Peter Wessel Zapffe, raggiunse una radicalità impensata per il pur sempre ottimistico pensiero occidentale: la conoscenza di sé ha come conseguenza l'autoestinzione dell'umanità. Se gli esseri umani si conoscessero per quello che sono, cesserebbero di alimentare la Storia e lascerebbero campo libero alla Natura. Questo il messaggio del Messia di Zapffe, messaggio per lo più inascoltato e inascoltabile. Inascoltato a causa dei meccanismi di difesa che sostanziano l'essere umano e, probabilmente, lo rendono ciò che è: isolamento, attaccamento, diversione e sublimazione. Inascoltabile a causa del pregiudizio in favore dell'esistenza, che è sempre un'ipoteca sul futuro e, filosoficamente parlando, un furto.

Independently published, 2024
L'idea centrale di Zapffe è che l'essere umano si trovi in un tragico paradosso: dotato di una coscienza superiore che gli consente di comprendere la propria esistenza, l'uomo è anche condannato a confrontarsi con l'insensatezza del suo essere. Questa "sovracoscienza", come la definisce l'autore, è al tempo stesso un dono e una maledizione, un'arma a doppio taglio che amplifica le sue capacità ma lo espone a un profondo dolore esistenziale. Zapffe osserva che la natura ha dotato ogni creatura di strumenti per affrontare la vita, ma l'uomo, con la sua capacità di riflettere e anticipare il futuro, si trova intrappolato in una consapevolezza che genera angoscia.

ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎979-8308324362
Peter Lang, 2024
English edition,
Translator: Ryan L. Showler

The complete works of Peter Zapffe
in 10 volumes
This book is Peter Wessel Zapffe’s doctoral dissertation, defended in 1941. It examines a trial initiated by a lawyer against 'God,' where the attorney advocates for humanity, presenting a demand for a just world order to the Almighty. The edition includes a name index and an English summary
This volume brings together 49 humorous short stories from Troms and Nordland.
The art of dramatic poetry—its theory, aesthetics, and poetics, along with the art of its reception—forms the subject of dramaturgy. Here, the author provides an introduction to these artistic disciplines while presenting his methodological perspectives. Includes a bibliography.
The author returned to what he considers to be Ness' original intentions in his work "Elementary Questions of Logic" and proposed an alternative presentation of them, adapted as much as possible for readers who are not familiar with the discipline of thinking, which is the main distinguishing feature of logic. The principle is that at each stage the reader can compare their progress with the material they have already learned, relying minimally only on the authoritative words of the teacher.
Peter Wessel Zapffe, a philosopher, scientist, essayist, humorist, publicist, and mountaineer, has been writing for many years about his relationship with nature and his impressions of the mountains. This book contains a rich selection of numerous articles that he published in newspapers, magazines and yearbooks. The author personally illustrated the book with his original drawings, and the descriptions of his life among the peaks and cliffs are imbued with warm humor, which often results in unrestrained fun.
The second half of the book is more serious in nature, although it is written in a light journalistic manner: here Peter V. Zapffe fervently advocates for the protection of nature in general and majestic mountains in particular. Foreword by Arne Ness.
Sunday, May 26, 1822. The parish gathered for a solemn mass. Suddenly, a fire burst [into the church] like heavenly fire. 116 people were victims of the fire. This fire became the starting point for an intense intellectual discussion about deep religious and existential issues and about the central themes of Christianity: punishment and grace, God's justice, wrath and judgment. Four people are arguing about whether the fire was a link in the peaceful plan of a loving God or whether it was a blind accident. There is a list of references.
"The Prodigal Son, a dramatic reinterpretation from 1951, is a drama for reading based on the narrative of the four Gospels about the life of Jesus but based on the audacious theory that Jesus was the son of Herod.
In Dr. Wangel's 1974, we meet Ibsen's characters outside the confines of their plays. In the prologue, the author explains how the meeting took place and what obstacles had to be overcome.
The collection contains texts written and published in the period 1936-77. Among other things, it contains short "meetings" with Ibsen, Kjelland, Ingstad, Amundsen and one poem related to Khrushchev's planned visit to Norway in 1959.
The texts in this collection are taken from the three books indicated in its title. The texts are arranged chronologically and include essays, poems, and epistles that are not included in already published works.
Essays - Aventura Edition, 1992
The book contains a selection of texts that reveal Zapffe's versatility: poems, epistles, short stories, essays, and articles about literature, language, humor, mountain climbing, and more. The book includes articles about Zapff by Jens Bjornebu and Sigmund Kvale Setereng, as well as a comprehensive bibliography of Zapff.
Not included in the collected works \ 1983
A dialogue between Peter Wexel Zapffe and Herman Tennys. In addition to the dialogue, which is an excellent addition to "On the Tragic," the book contains a critical essay by Arne Ness on Tennessen.. This is followed by Tennessean's response to Ness's essay and the book ends with Zapffe's epilogue.
In many ways, the book is a tribute to Tennessean and, as it says in the publisher's address: "At his (Tennessean's) own request, the University Publishing House is releasing these texts as a special mark on his path."

Books dedicated to Zapffe
1969, 1989 / Found and digitized
The work consists of two parts: the first part was Fleistad's original text, and the second part was a revised version of Zapffe's essay "On the Tragic" (Om det tragiske).
In 1989, Fleistad published the book "Peter Wessel Zapffe – en introduksjon" ("Peter Wessel Zapffe – an Introduction"), which includes the first part of his early 1969 work.
The original text (1989)
1999 / Found and digitized
Mange har et forhold til Zapffe og hans tanker. Samtidig har hans livsutfoldelse, hans samfunnsengasjement og ønske om å bidra og hans humor, for mange stått som et paradoks til hans filosofiske bidrag. Denne mangesidigheten er en av de store facinasjoner ved hans person. Her har 14 personer skrevet om sitt forhold til Zapffe. Med biografiske data.
1999 / Found and digitized
Mange har et forhold til Zapffe og hans tanker. Samtidig har hans livsutfoldelse, hans samfunnsengasjement og ønske om å bidra og hans humor, for mange stått som et paradoks til hans filosofiske bidrag. Denne mangesidigheten er en av de store facinasjoner ved hans person. Her har 14 personer skrevet om sitt forhold til Zapffe. Med biografiske data.
2011
Better known as a horror fiction author, with Conspiracy Ligotti offers a series of essays exploring his philosophical pessimism, nihilist and antinatalist views. Among other sources, Ligotti cites Peter Wessel Zapffe's essay "The Last Messiah" and the writings of Emil Cioran (1911–1995) and Philipp Mainländer (1841–1876) as inspirations for his philosophical outlook. The book is noted for its repeated usage of the phrase "malignantly useless," as well as for the manner "in which philosophical thought and literary analysis converge" in his writings. In 2018, the book was re-released, with a new preface
2024/ Not available online
Dag O. Hessen - Å tenke med Zapffe: Forfatteren. Filosofen. Pessimisten. Humoristen. Klatreren
Dag O. Hessen gir oss en spennende innføring i Zapffes pionertanker om naturvern, hans kritikk av veksttankegang og hans dypt originale filosofi om hva det vil si å være menneske. Zapffe var fjellklatrer, forfatter og en av Norges mest originale filosofer.

Not available online
2019 / Not available online
Sofia, Avangard Prima, 2019, 522 p. (in English).

Only the table of contents is available online. Serafima's list of works mentions: "The Last Messiah. Philosophical Challenges within Peter Wessel Zapffe s Heritage. Sofia, Avangard Prima, 2020, 495 p. (in Russian).", but its existence has not been confirmed, nor has it been found on the network
2024
Filosofen Peter Wessel Zapffe (1899−1990) tok bilder gjennom nesten hele sitt lange liv, og arkivet etter ham rommer flere tusen fotografier. I denne boka har Christian Belgaux gjort et utvalg som viser en utforskende side ved Zapffes fotokunst. I forordet skriver Belgaux om bildenes åpne tolkningsrom og om kvaliteten ved Zapffes tvetydige billedspråk.
Fotobokserien Sideblikk løfter fram tidsskildringer, oppsiktsvekkende hendelser og hverdagslige øyeblikk hentet fra Nasjonalbibliotekets samling. Bildene er ikke tatt av kjente eller etablerte fotografer, men viser oss det originale blikket og de bemerkelsesverdige omgivelsene til kulturpersonligheter som har satt spor etter seg i norsk historie.
2025
"The Experience of the Tragic" offers a study of the fundamental tragedy of human existence, based on the philosophy of the Norwegian thinker Peter Wessel Zapffe. The central idea is a critical rethinking of Zapffe's views through the concept of "discriminating experience" as the fundamental ontological foundation of reality, as well as the concept of "liminal acceptance" as a way of co-existence with the existential limits of reason.
Zapffe Interview

Articles about Zapffe

Video with Peter Zapffe
  • Møt filosofen, humoristen og fjellklatreren Peter Wessel Zapffe | 1974
    Interview from 1974 in Norwegian
  • En ubebodd klode er ingen ulykke [Peter Zapffe] 1985
    Peter Zapfe - An uninhabited planet is not an accident
  • Den humoristiske pessimisten | Peter Wessel Zapffe | 1990
Photo

There are 191 photographs from Peter Zapffe's archive in the archive.

More than 3,500 photos are available in the archive nb.no

There are some of them on the website

Contacts
peddervlad@gmail.com
Изображения: Nasjonalbiblioteket [Peter Zapffe].
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